
We find that, after the adoption of the euro, the European Central Bank has followed a forward-looking Taylor rule. This rule is such that nominal as well as real short-term interest rates increase in response to higher expected inflation or decline in output. Our findings show that the European Central Bank policy responses are of the same magnitude and sign as the ones prevailing in the pre-euro era for Germany, France, and Italy. We conclude that, before and after the euro, central banks in Europe have adopted a proactive stance towards controlling inflation.